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What is a parasite?

Malaria is caused by a Plasmodium parasite.

The word "parasite" comes from the Greek "parasitos", with para meaning "alongside", and sitos meaning "food" - therefore meaning "eating at the side of, as one would when seated at the same table".

It was in the 18th century that the word parasite entered the English language as a biologic term; before that it referred to humans, such as a relative or friend who lived at the expense of another person.

In general, a parasite is an organism that live within another, using the resources of the host to fuel its life cycle.

Parasites are an incredibly varied group of organisms. Around 70% of parasites are microscopic in size, such as the malarial parasite; however, some worm parasites can reach over 30 m in length.

There are three main types of parasitic diseases:

Protozoa: a single-celled organism. Plasmodium, which causes malaria, is an example. A protozoa can only multiply (divide) within the host
Helminths: worm parasites. Schistosomiasis is caused by a helminth. Other examples include roundworm, pinworm, trichina spiralis, tapeworm, and fluke
Ectoparasites: these live on, rather than in their hosts, these include lice and fleas.

Parasites, unlike predators, are usually much smaller than their host and they reproduce at a faster rate.

Symptoms of parasitic diseases

Because there are so many species of parasite there is a wide array of potential symptoms. Sometimes the symptoms may appear similar to hormone deficiency, pneumonia or food poisoning. These are some of the potential symptoms that might occur:

Itchy anus or vagina
Weight loss and/or increased appetite
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea, and vomiting
Sleeping problems
Anemia
Aches and pains
General malaise
Allergies
Anxiety.

Types of parasite

There are over 1,000 known parasite species that can infect humans. These are some examples:

Endoparasite: live inside the host (as opposed to ectoparasites), examples include heartworm, tapeworm, and flatworms. Those that inhabit the spaces within the host's body are called intercellular parasites, while an intracellular parasite live within the host's cells.

Intracellular parasites include bacteria and viruses; they rely on a third organism, known as the vector (carrier). The vector transmits the endoparasite to the host. The mosquito is a vector for many parasites including the protozoan of the genus Plasmodium that causes malaria.

Epiparasite: these feed on other parasites, a relationship known as hyperparasitism. A flea which lives on a dog may have a protozoan in its digestive tract, the protozoan is the hyperparasite.

Parasitoid: the larval development takes place in or on another organism, the host usually dies. In this case there are characteristics of predation, because the host dies.

Human parasites

Head lice are called ectoparasites because they live on the exterior of their host.

Acanthamoeba: (Acanthamoeba). Affects the eye and/or brain. It exists all over the world. Individuals can become infected if they clean contact lenses with tap water.

Babesiosis: (Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncani). Affects the red blood cells. Different species live in various parts of the world. Transmitted by tick bites.

Balantidiasis: (Latin name: Balantidium coli). Lives in the intestinal mucosa.

Blastocystosis: (Blastocystis). Affects the intestines. Enters humans through ingested food contaminated with human/animal feces.

Coccidia: (Cryptosporidium). Affects the intestines. Exists worldwide. Enters humans through ingested food contaminated with human/animal feces.

Amoebiasis: (Entamoeba histolytica). Affects the intestines. More likely in areas with high population density, poor sanitation, and tropical regions. Fecal oral transmission.

Giardia: (Giardia lamblia). Affects the lumen of the small intestine. If humans ingest food/water contaminated with feces, dormant cystsmay infect the body.

Isosporiasis: (Isospora belli). Affects the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Exists all over the world. Fecal oral route.

Leishmaniasis: (Leishmania) - Affects the skin and/or viscera. Exists worldwide in various forms. Transmitted by types of sandflies.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: (PAM) - (Naegleria fowleri). Affects the brain. Insufflation of contaminated soil, swimming pools and contaminated water.

Malaria: (Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae. Affects the red blood cells. Exists in tropical regions. Transmitted by the anopheles mosquito.

Rhinosporidiosis: (Rhinosporidium seeberi). Affects the nose and nasopharynx. Exists in India and Sri Lanka. People who are bathing in common ponds can become contaminated when the nasal mucosa is in contact with infected material.

Toxoplasmosis - Parasitic pneumonia: (Toxoplasma gondii). Affects the liver, heart, eyes and brain. Widespread worldwide. People can become infected after ingesting raw/undercooked pork, lamb, goat or milk. Also may exist in contaminated food or soil with cat feces.

Trichomoniasis: (Trichomonas vaginalis). Affects the female urogenital tract. Can exist in males, but without symptoms. This is an STI (sexually transmitted infection).

Sleeping sickness: (Trypanosoma brucei). Affects the central nervous system, blood and lymph. Transmitted by the tsetse fly.

Chagas disease: (Trypanosoma cruzi). Affects the blood, muscle, nerves, heart, esophagus and colon. Transmitted through an insect bite.
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