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An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can be violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.[1]

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

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McGill University

McGill University, located in the multicultural metropolis of Montreal, is one of the leading schools in Canada. Its 38,500 students study in 300 buildings, and its quarter-million alumni are spread across 180 countries.

McGill produces more Rhodes Scholars than any other Canadian university. It also has the highest percentage of doctoral students, and 20 percent of its student body consists of international students drawn from 150 nations.

McGill invests roughly C$500 million each year. Much of this funding comes from the university’s participation in entrepreneur-backed collaborations that utilize its 1,600 researchers, 8,000 graduate students/postdoctoral students, and its 46 research centers.

These partnerships run from minor support for preexisting projects to licensing very specific research initiatives. These collaborative efforts have led McGill to make significant contributions to science—most recently through the mapping of the brain’s motor cortex.

The school’s faculty and alumni account for nine Nobel Prizes.
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तल को बक्समा क्लिक गर्नुहोस

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