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Seventy-year-old Ambikanath Upadhyay of Chaukot, Kavre, still remembers late BP Koirala, first democratically-elected prime minister of Nepal, laying the foundation for his ambitious Banepa-Sindhuli-Bardibas road at Shrikhandapur.”It used to take 3-4 days to reach Sindhuli earlier. But the roads helped shorten the time,” said Upadhyay.BP laid the foundation for the road. But after the parliamentary system dissolved, this project was pushed to the backburner. The Tribhuwan Highway was accorded greater priority and this project was interrupted,” he said.He believes those who ran the Panchayat System were bent on hindering the construction of BP Highway.”They feared the popularity Nepali Congress party, to which BP belonged, would gain after the highway’s completion. Had the Panchayat System not interrupted the constructions, the mid-hills would have been prosperous by now,” added Upadhyaya.Back then there were no dozers and excavators. The path had to be cut through the hills and paved with manual labor.

“People carried soil and stones in wicker baskets. There were only two machines for breaking the boulders” he said.The road never fell under anyone’s priority during the Panchayati regime or even when multi-party democracy took hold in the country. But after the flooding in 1963 destroyed bridges along the Prithivi Highway and the Tribhuwan Highway, Kathmandu was cut off from the Tarai for 20 days. This resulted in the government and others taking the B P Highway seriously as an alternative to the other highways linking Tarai.Although the constructions were carried out in different phases after 1995, late Nepali Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala laid foundation for the highway again on June 10, 1998 at Dhulikhel.
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The People's Republic of China (PRC) is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany.

Under the one country, two systems scheme, the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, which were previously colonies of European powers, operate under a different political system to the rest of the PRC. Currently, both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems.

Relationships with the Communist Party[edit]
In practice, only one political party, the CPC, holds effective power at the national level. Its dominance is such that China is effectively a one-party state. Eight minor parties also participate in the political system. However, they have limited power on a national level and are almost completely subservient to the CPC; they must accept the "leading role" of the CPC as a condition of being allowed to exist. The PRC political system allows for the participation of some non-communist party members and minor parties in the National People's Congress (NPC), but they are vetted by the CPC.

Although opposition parties are not formally banned in mainland China (the PRC), the CPC maintains control over the political system in several ways.

Firstly, only the people's congresses up to the county level are subject to direct popular vote. Above the county level, one people's congress appoints the members of the next higher congress. This means that although independent members can theoretically, and occasionally in practice, get elected to the lowest level of congress, it is impossible for them to organize to the point where they can elect members to the next higher people's congress without the approval of the CPC or to exercise oversight over executive positions at the lowest level in the hierarchy. This lack of effective power also discourages outsiders from contesting the people's congress elections even at the lowest level.

Second, although PRC law has no formal provision for banning a non-religious organization, it also has no provision which would give non-CPC political parties any corporate status. This means that a hypothetical opposition party would have no legal means to collect funds or own property in the name of the party. More importantly, PRC law also has a wide range of offenses which can and have been used against the leaders of efforts to form an opposition party such as the China Democracy Party and against members of organizations that the CPC sees as threatening its power.[2][3] These include the crimes of subversion, sedition, and releasing state secrets. Moreover, the control that the Party has over the legislative and judicial processes means that the Party can author legislation that targets a particular group.

Thirdly, Article 1 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China defines socialism as "the basic system" of the country, and explicitly forbids "sabotage of the socialist system by any individual or organization."[4]

Parties[edit]
Major Party[edit]
Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党). More than 80 million members,
Institutional minor parties[edit]
In the official order of precedence:
Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang (Chinese: 中国国民党革命委员会 or Chinese: 民革). Formed by leftist members of the Kuomintang (KMT) who did not escape to Taiwan, it has 53,000 members. It is considered "second" in status to the Communist Party of China. Thus it has 30% of the seats in the People's Political Consultative Conference. (Chinese nationalism, Three Principles of the People)
China Democratic League (Chinese: 中国民主同盟 or Chinese: 民盟). Originally a league of pro-democracy parties. Formed by 130,000 members, mainly middle-level and senior intellectuals. (Patriotism, Socialism)
China Democratic National Construction Association (Chinese: 中国民主建国会 or Chinese: 民建). Entrepreneurs from the manufacturing, financial or commercial industries, in both private and state sectors. Formed by 69,000 members. (Market socialism)
China Association for Promoting Democracy (Chinese: 中国民主促进会 or Chinese: 民进). Intellectuals, mostly in the education, technology and publishing sectors. Some 65,000 members. (Social democracy)
Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (Chinese: 中国农工民主党 or Chinese: 农工党). Most of its 65,000 members work in the fields of public health, culture and education, science and technology. (Socialism)
Zhigongdang of China (Chinese: 中国致公党). Returned overseas Chinese, relatives of overseas Chinese, and noted figures and scholars who have overseas ties, with 15,000 members. (Chinese federalism, Reunification of China)
Jiusan Society (Chinese: 九三学社). Most of its 68,000 members are high- and medium level intellectuals in the fields of science, technology, education, culture and medicine. (Socialism)
Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (Chinese: 台湾民主自治同盟 or Chinese: 台盟). 1,600 people, most of whom are prominent people that are from Taiwan or are of Taiwanese heritage, but now reside on the Mainland

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तल को बक्समा क्लिक गर्नुहोस

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